Over the years, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have demonstrated strong capability in cancer detection and classification using medical images.
However, CNN-based models often struggle to capture long-range contextual dependencies.
In such scenarios, integrating Compact Convolutional Transformer (CCT) architectures after the CCT layer allows CNN-extracted features to reshape into compact patch tokens using a CCT tokenizer, followed by the addition of positional embeddings to preserve spatial structure.
Using 5-fold cross-validation, the model was tested on 3 sets of breast cancer mammography.
With only 250,435 parameters, the model achieved 99%-100% accuracy across 3 datasets, indicating robust generalization.
Explainable AI (XAI) was integrated into the model to explain the breast cancer classification process to enhance clinical trust.
The results indicate that the proposed framework is suitable for computer-aided diagnosis systems, particularly in resource-constrained clinical environments.
The novelty of the proposed CNN-integrated CCT overcomes the limitation of CNN's gradient degradation in the last layers by integrating convolutional tokenization with transformer-based learning.
Lighter than ViT, which is effective in capturing long-range dependencies, the model has also proven efficient in breast cancer classification by capturing long-range dependencies among breast tissue regions.